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However, the ease with which the limitations to certain past instrumentalizations of spatiotemporal- ity can be detected contrasts with the difficulty of projecting new uses for the future and progressing toward new levels of analysis in line with an aim that is still being defined. The point 8 Raffestin Duve solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica.
It is, in fact, a matter of detecting and studying spatiotemporality as a legal phenomenon Agüero, Barrientos, Beck, Lorente. A direct consequence of the foregoing is the need to address this phenom- enon from the perspective of interdisciplinarity. In effect, given that time and space are two concepts that cut across any social discipline, grasping the density of spatiotemporality is inconceivable without exercising a joint vision of those dimensions.
Thus, inescapable dependencies arise, such as that anticipated by Pietro Costa between geography and legal history; like- wise, notable uses are also found, namely sociology or anthropology in concepts such as localization Agüero ; or the interdependence of one his- tory, that of the book, with another, the history of the sources of law Beck.
We also find clear interdependences within the legal disciplines themselves, such as between history and international law Lorente.
This interdisciplinary approach, especially within the framework of legal disciplines, precisely reveals the artificial nature of a classification by subjects that generates added complexity on the historical front and which also needs to be dismantled in order to comprehend the structure of the origins of space and time in legal phenomena.
In this sense, per- haps, the exercise of seeking the origins may cause the fragmentary modern notion of multidisciplinarity in the object of this study to come apart. Effectively, returning to the roots may uncover how, at certain foundational moments, juridicality gradually absorbed - in the absence of contradictions or barriers of any kind - concepts that, today, we would place in other fields of knowledge, to build the very essence of juridicity from given phenomena.
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 7 Indeed, another approach to spatiotemporality is a return to its origins, which in turn implies two inherent and unavoidable complications. The first of these difficulties is, precisely - as commonly occurs in legal history - pin- pointing that original moment and thereby unmasking the limits that exist on the threshold to the determination of law12 to which we shall return later.
All the above implies having understood models and paradigms, having unravelled elements of change and, especially, having scrutinised the spatio- temporal elements separating continuity from discontinuity Lorente. Hence, a quest for the origins involves a particular and attentive examination of times and spaces that in fact cause a break, not always easy to detect in an apparent continuum.
The uti possidetis in the paper by Marta Lorente is a prime example of the need to dismantle a myth with regard to origins, having created, with the instruments of international law, the belief in a path of continuity from the categories of comprehension in a jurisdictional world and those of a world of States, heedless of their radical discontinuity.
Another major difficulty in detecting the origins is found in the dynamics of permanence and continuity. What is time in the case of these models? Do their readings of continuity change with each different space and time?
Do they really remain just as they were conceived and understood, establishing a time of their own that surpasses other measures of time, thus becoming a space of time within others? Yet a further difficulty, brought to our attention repeatedly by Alejandro Agüero, is that of singling out the appropriate analytical instruments to address said origins, once they have been located: we lack the elasticity of past concepts because we stem from a scenario - that of State law - that refused to imagine the world in a composite, heterogeneous manner, which it explained exclusively from a monolithic view comprising a number of subjects, namely the States, capable of generating units for the measurement of time and space that were highly homogeneous and comprehensible among said subjects.
However, we are currently immersed in a legal world in which statehood has become diluted in an ocean of non-State norms, and legal history is 12 Meccarelli Precisely this exercise in envisioning new scenarios and new chro- nologies obliges us to renew our awareness of the malleability of the realities contained in past concepts, however foreign they may seem to our present world, and consequently, to seek new concepts that help us to explain and accommodate with the greatest degree of detail as possible processes that, as in the case of the formation, interpretation or enforcement of laws, cannot be resolved in a linear or unidirectional manner in every legal situation Agüero.
It also invites us to find new viewpoints to rethink abandoned concepts, such as geopolitics Cappelliniwhich despite having been impor- tant in their time and being brought to a close with the space and time to which they belonged, can be turned to afresh in the quest for new channels for naming complex realities that have exceeded the reality that brought them to a close. Furthermore, it would be extremely reductive to state that space corresponds to a place, thus highlighting a static component that is not essential to space.
A space charged with chronic dynamism, to take the case in point, is that which exists between those reading from the sources and the sources themselves and of which the essay by Javier Barrientos ensures we retain awareness ; a space that, in turn, as illustrated by Floriana Colao, is impregnated with a dynamic temporality, insofar as productions from times in the past are interwoven with readings from present times that either create history by consolidating this past-present décalage, or update history by smoothing over the potential breaks in continuity.
The dynamism of times and spaces is manifested in two ways: on the one hand, in the multiplicity of their confines. The players, according to their own interests, contemplate solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica dimensions in the spaces and diverse uses of time, which by no means necessarily correspond to political measures and confines, such as the commercial vision of the world held by publishers or censors when disseminating or preventing the dissemination of works Beck ; on the other hand, in the dynamism of those instruments that serve to create spaces and certain comprehensions of time and space.
Further, it possesses the potential to transmit approaches that, in turn, lead to the construction of legal spaces: such is the case of ius patrium which began to populate the legal literature of the eighteenth century.
In this sense, so are the devices giving rise to spatiotemporalities dynamic in themselves, contributing to establish the logic of dynamism in the heart of cultural communities. Likewise, the different instruments, in their movement and circulation, demonstrate the porosity, permeability and relativity of the borders established according to other parameters; or that this is true insofar as a concrete dimension is taken into account, such as politics, but ceases to be the case when different per- spectives are taken, such as those of a cultural nature Barrientos, Beck.
Another dimension of dynamism are the processes of adaptation and modulation of the law into different spaces and times. There is a need to study law-modelling processes, from the awareness that the issue is not only that the law, which may be deemed pre-existent, should adapt to the con- ditions within a given location, but that the law should be justly formulated and materialised at the moment of being imported from a different space or another time and be properly channelled toward its specific formulation and materialisation for a given community Agüero.
Thus, not only does the time and space of a norm become updated with each new reformulation and embodied in a community but, at the same time, in the same exercise, the act of spatialisation becomes an intrinsic quality of the norm15 as we shall see in the following section.
In short, an awareness of the dynamism of space and time and the awareness the every space and time builds its own understanding of spaces and times, as exemplified by Giacomo Pace makes it possible for us to see not only new perspectives on seemingly consolidated matters Cappellini, Costa, Lorentebut solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica new fields of study in relation to solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica history.
Let us begin with the spatial variable. The works published here apply a range of different treatments. In this section, we shall relate these to a number of interpretative devices of solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica more general nature.
Mainly we aim to differentiate between two levels: space in a reconstructive sense, and space in a constitutive sense. In line with this, it is the legal problem that solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica the space of reference; hence, space has a reconstruc- tive function.
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 11 However, as confirmed in the research collected in this volume, it is also possible to consider the significance of the spatial dimension from within the legal dimension: that is to say, space as an implicit problem from the moment a legal question is formed. Here, space becomes a factor to the problem to be analysed, rather than being proposed as an analytical instru- ment.
Thus, space assumes a value that is constitutive of the legal problem being addressed. We shall now focus on this second interpretation, keeping an illustration of the first in mind throughout the following pages. We could state, in agreement with Pietro Costa, that this valence becomes apparent on a bi-dimensional level: that of lived space and imagined space. Both of these horizons of spatiality contribute to the constitutional act of experience. In the paper by Marta Lorente we also detect a use of space in constitutive key.
Understanding the legal meaning of the principle of uti possidetis is possible as soon as we consider the perception of space inherited from the extended experience of the Monarquía católica. Its meaning, therefore, is conditioned by the original prem- ise, including when it is employed in the construction of intentionally closed spaces such as national or State spaces.
The essay by Javier Barrientos, in turn, illustrates the theme of subjective status, in which space models the legal problem. Further examples could easily be found in this volume, but those mentioned thus far should suffice to highlight at least two heuristic paths found when considering space in a constitutive sense.
These planes can be inverted: then, pre- comprehension of space oper- ates as an assumption enabling the legal problem to be individualised as opposed to the situation in the case of reconstructive space, where the legal problem determines the space of reference. A further, equally relevant analytical capability is likewise gained for the critical appraisal of the performativity of legal figures produced by experi- ence.
In effect, it is less a question of drafting the history of their emergence, but rather of their limits. The distinct perspective we believe can be discerned here consists in appreciating the sustainability of juridical concepts and legal figures produced through time.
History, therefore, should be written atten- tive to the pre-comprehension profiles underpinning the conceptualization of ideas and to the pre-conditions determining concrete legal configura- tions. Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 13 Solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica is how, to return to the point mentioned earlier, our discipline can be located in thematic fields with an effective interdisciplinary potential. This use emerges when we consider space as a field for the occurrence of law.
Legal historiography has recently confirmed the significance of this perspective. Here, the dynamism of law does not describe the movement of an object that is predefined and unchanging in time and becomes dislocated in space. To the contrary, it is seen as a prime environment in which to observe law as a dynamic object; an object that, despite having an identifiable provenance, adopts different characteristics as it negotiates spatial - or more aptly, spa- tiotemporal - movement.
Taking this approach to space in endeavouring to understand the flow of law is undoubtedly of specific importance to the study of legal structure in 20 See, for example, Clavero ; Hespanha In addition, it is applicable to different aspects of this complex phenomenon, covering rules and systems as well as doctrines or legal cultures. It is, therefore, possible to make a general reflection on the opportunity of examining the dynamics of the flow of law in the light, shall we say, of spatialisation.
As described above, by using this term we are underscoring the permanent tendency of law understood in a broad sense to take up a position in space, and to adhere to space. We wish thereby to highlight a process that has a bearing on the contents and configurations assumed in the legal dimension, a process that coexists with the moment of its manifesta- tion. We have recalled earlier that it was precisely Alejandro Agüero who drew our attention to the need to acquire the appropriate conceptual framework to interpret the relationship between space and law.
To address spatialisation experiences and phenomena it is also necessary to concentrate on the cultural patterns acting as reactants in this process. For later confirmations in this sense, please refer to Solla b.
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 15 These elements assume the role of instruments that facilitate the historifica- tion of singular legal experiences. The analysis at this point can be taken to considerable detail. Finally, it seems appropriate to consider the possible feedback effects of the movement of law. Effectively, within its space of occurrence, the flow of law is no longer represented as a mono-directional phenomenon, as claimed in some recent works.
We have considered it of use, however, to at least mention these methodological implications in order to highlight the opening offered by an understanding of space as a theatre for the movement of law.
Of particular importance is the contribution relating to the criteria for determining the spatial scale of reference for the object of historical-legal analysis. In effect, this poses a crucial problem from the moment we attempt to use space as an instrument of iushistorical discourse. It is not our inten- tion to draw up herein a closed list, but we can try to extract some of the spatial scale types used in the volume.
Space as place- this indicates considering the place in which to determine the space that is relevant to studying the legal problem. This is not, therefore, a localist redeployment having lost all interest in and any capacity to consider major historical phenomena.
This spatial scale is distinct from local space, which operates in a context of complex and, to an extent, open legal spatialities. In the case of internal spaces, however, configurations involving closed legal spaces are considered, such as that represented by the State form a form of legal spatiality characterized also by the formal determination of the territory on which it stands.
An aspect that we find noteworthy is that no single internal spatiality exists within the territorial scope of the State. In fact, the essay by Pace shows, for example, the presence of multiple internal confines, and gives evidence of how multi-confinity is a relevant factor to defining the perspec- tive on State space that has characterized those regions.
The use of a scale of internal spaces has certain repercussions, owing to the fact that it places in the foreground players, institutional realities, or legal dimensions that would not stand out were they to remain within the formal pattern of articulating the State. For this reason we consider that careful analysis of internal spaces may be useful to offer a deeper perspective of the legal valence of the form of the State as historical experience. The idea of internal space also appears to be useful for interpreting closed legal spaces.
The problem of uti possidetis, as presented within the appropriate historical-legal coordinates by Marta Lorente, indeed entails special significance, as mentioned, in understanding the peculiarities accom- panying Latin American State formations.
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 17 Extensive spaces : another spatial dimension relevant to historical-legal research is extensive spaces. From an analytical standpoint, this means considering, together with the closed spatiality of the Nation-State, an additional dimen- sion, intertwined with the former, giving rise to a perspective of the experi- ence of legal spatiality.
The latter is again subjected to analysis in the dense essay by Paolo Cap- pellini; in this case, recourse to an extensive spatial scale highlights its added analytical value. Recovering the problem of great spaces considered from the Schmittian viewpoint, but also according to the proposal implicit in the Monroe doctrine solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica, in fact, an opportunity not only for narrating a parabola of the modern State, but also to explicitly examine the perspectives of meaning in the international legal order between the possibility of a unipolar global order and the pluriversum of great spaces.
The idea of exten- sive spaces may be applicable beyond the closed spaces of the Nation-State, as suggested in the researches by Marta Lorente and Alejandro Agüero who employ this notion in their reasoning on the determination of legal spaces in a condition we could define as pre-State Lorente or local Agüero. In this case the time factor solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica to operate as the adscriptive rather than descriptive moment of a legal problem.
On this point, we wish to underscore that our authors, despite dealing with very different subject matter, consider the time element as an inner feature of the legal problem in hand, that has a bearing on its nature, scope and development dynamics.
To give an example, this approach may be applicable to the principle of uti possidetis Lorentein which past time as well as its rhetorical value in legitimating new legal forms, in relation to new political structures deter- mines the appropriate perspective to comprehend the construction of the State. Similarly, the time solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica is seen as one of the aspects upon which doctrine acts to offer new meanings for the legal status Barrientos in a context that favours spaces for individual liberties and a unitary type of legal subject.
The time factor is an integrating element in the localization process of law Agüeroas law is often articulated through legal instruments 29 Foucault Spatial and Temporal Dimensions for Legal History: An Introduction 19 created in a different temporal as well as spatial context.
Finally, to round off this brief list of examples, an adscriptive character is also discernible in the temporal qualities of colonial law discussed by Pietro Costa. From a methodological point solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica view, we find no predominance of con- ceptual dyads counterposing measurable profiles of the time factor, such as: continuity-change; tradition-modernity; crisis-stability; transition-revolution.
Instead, it seems that the conceptual dyads, assuming an analytical value, are capable of exerting stress on the bonds between heterogeneous but often simultaneous characteristics of the time factor, such as for instance continu- ity-modernity or tradition-change; at the same time, conceptual combina- tions that highlight time States, such as transition-construction or transition- circulation, take on importance in their own right. Whereas the first approach, in which time has a descriptive role, orients the analysis toward a diachronic profile, the second, attentive to the adscrip- tive function of time, reveals the synchronic profiles of juridical experience.
Working with objects containing different historical phases the circula- tion of legal knowledge through books, legal grafts of European origin in America, institutions founded on the past to legitimise new constitutional configurations such as uti possidetis, etc. The above example invokes, however, the integrated perspective of the factors space and time. Let us return, therefore, to the reflection on spatio- temporal interactions with some conclusive considerations.
This spatiotemporality, as the moment and place at which the two elements intersect, can be recognised by certain essential aspects. From the interaction 20 Massimo Meccarelli, Maria Julia Solía Sastre between space and time arise conceptual categories that not only provide the basis for communities, collectives and societies, but also for modelling key components in forming the legal subjects who will examine the space and time in which they are inserted.
Such is the case of the status so masterfully expressed by Javier Barrientos, constructed from the notions of temporality and spatiality. The spatiotem- poral conjunction is verified through the definition of societies Costawhich are not only formed within spaces and times deriving from their own narratives, but, as in the case of nations, are inscribed within imaginary spaces and are the consequence of imaginary chronologies that are embodied in political representations Costa.
In addition, entities such as States, whose existence stems from a marked redefinition of their place in time and of their time in space, need to invent other spaces and other times against which to object. Thus, the chronology imposed by the State as a body is so imperative that it creates a new, equally state-based chronology for other completely unrelated realities, which no longer respond to the challenges of their own space and time but form part of external spatiotemporal dimensions: those of Western States.
Historians will not cease to feel the inspiration and the challenge of the union of space and time. One of these challenges will be to uncover the terms of this conjunction through diverse historical experiences that, in the event, can be drawn toward present realities and projected into the future.
This is the case of recovering complex spatiotemporal constellations that provide a plural environment for a reality that cannot aspire to be under- stood in monistic terms, such as the imagination of the ius commune which allowed attention to be paid to local specificity whereas the constellation of special features stood within a global space giving them unity as a whole within the universal Agüero.
All in all, striving to find the value of the spatiotemporal coordinates for legal history is equivalent to reconsidering both the thematic and methodo- logical boundaries of the discipline.
Legal history will have the capacity to produce useful knowledge insofar as it remains open to critical discussion of its own methodological rules, to reconsider its place within the scope of knowledge and to redefine its role in a global, perpetually changing world. The new course set by this discipline, demanded by the social sciences, needed by future legal operators and which legal historians are destined to provide, will depend on our capacity to question ourselves, on the quality of our answers and on the courage with which we address the ensuing impli- cations.
Bibliography Armitage, David, Jo GuldiLe retour de la longue durée: une perspective anglo-américaine, in: Annales. Storia e diritto. A Tentative Assessment Pietro Costa 1. Introductory Remarks Our issue is to discuss the impact that the thematization of the space-tem- poral dimension has had or could havein general, on historical research and particularly on legal historiography.
Such a request risks seeming like an appeal to reinvent the wheel: it is self- evident that historians deal with time and space, inasmuch as they study phenomena which take place in temporally and spatially delimited contexts. We could assert that the historian, like the man in the street in his daily life, assumes the space-and- time categories in an immediate and unintentional way, without needing to provide solid definitions for them.
I think that the historian can do his job excellently without being com- pelled to explain the theoretical background of the tools of his trade, as a good craftsman handles his plane or his axe without thinking of their molec- ular structure. A Tentative Assessment 27 their methodological enquiries. In comparison with the continuing atten- tion to time, the analysis of space seems to be somewhat neglected by historians, and the question about the relationship between space and time appears even more disregarded.
Two different, but contiguous disciplines, historiography and geography, seem to have implicitly adopted a convention about their specific fields: while time is the main concern of solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica, space will be the preferred domain of geographers. Of course, things are not exactly in these terms. In any case, a clue that such a simplification is not solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica misleading is that the intercourse between the two disciplines is usually not taken for granted, but marked as an inter- esting and innovative trial.
Interdisciplinary intercourses between historiography and geography have also not been absent. Nevertheless, both disciplines lack in an adequate thematization of the spatial and, respectively, temporal dimension, and mainly of their interrelation. In the modern Newtonian and Cartesian perspective, space was con- ceived as an objective phenomenon, existing in itself, independently from its contents.
Apparently, Marx had not deviated from the historicist tradition which gave preference to the temporal rather than to the spatial dimension of social phenomena. In fact, he had instead shown 4 Harvey For Space denotes, in Terms of Possibility, an Order of Things which exist at the same time, considered as existing together; without enquiring into their Manner of Existing. A Tentative Assessment 29 remarkable insight into the role of space in his analysis of the genesis and functioning of capitalistic society.
The methodological cue that a renewed geography can draw from Marxian texts is the attempt to see space as an inner dimension of social phenomena. In turn, this implies the neces- sity to rethink Marx, avoiding leaving space to the mercy of the diachronic dimension. Admittedly, both historiography I have already mentioned Febvre and Braudel and sociology included important insights into the spatial dimen- sion and its relationship with time.
It is precisely this universalistic and meta-historic stance to which Dur- kheim opposes a socially influenced and historically differentiated sense of time and space. Space is not a homogeneous, constant solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica universal category, but assumes the contents determined by the culture and forms of life of a specific society.
Assuming space and time as social institutions is a methodological stance whose importance could hardly be overstated, considering its impact direct and indirect on twentieth-century sociology and historiography. In the same years, Georg Simmel - he too, a leading figure in nineteenth-twentieth-century culture - con- fronted the same issue in some essays, 18 which became his Soziologie, pub- lished in Lallement Important enquiries on time and space have been undoubtedly carried through by social and historical sciences between the nineteenth and twen- tieth centuries.
It is also true, however, that over the long run, space and time have been taken for granted, more than investigated in order to deter- mine their role and function in a specific research solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica. It is also not an exaggeration to say - as the custom is - that starting from the s, a spatial turn has taken place: i.
A place is not an indifferent point of the space, equal to every other point, but has idiomatic and irreplaceable features inasmuch as it is, at the same time, a product and a leverage of a social process.
Though both historiography and geography can share this trend, its effects are different according to their respective traditions.
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How can a better awareness of spatial and temporal coordinates sharpen the cognitive solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica of the histor- 24 Soja We can refer, on one side, solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica the historical geography and, on another side, to the time-geography cultivated by Torsten Hàgerstrand and the Lund School.
A Tentative Assessment 33 ian? I can simply provide some cursory references to the changing attitude of historiography towards the spatial dimension of its research field. Before explaining the meaning of this dis- tinction, I must refer to a logically previous distinction: the distinction between the metalanguage and the object-language. The New- tonian, Leibnizian, Einsteinian or post-modern vision of space provides the linguistic-conceptual instruments the historian uses to understand the past.
On the other side, the cultural representation that the same society offers of itself most probably includes its peculiar vision of space and time. A great portrayal of it is provided by the fascinating and enlightening work by Paul Zumthor 32 curiously neglected by legal historiography, if I am not mistaken. I refer the reader to it overall, but I cannot escape from quoting some passages. Recent and important contribu- tions are provided by Blanco A Tentative Assessment 35 us [ Everybody cultivated, in his relationship with the land, a warm complicity, which we have lost and is for us now almost inconceivable.
For a medieval farmer, as for a medieval citizen, lord or clergyman, space had nothing to do with our notion of it: a three-dimensional and uniform entity, divisible in equal parts and endowed with features independent from its material content. Medieval space is neither abstract nor homogeneous [ Costa The theory and practice of dominium are only an eloquent specimen of the intimate relationship between a legal institute and a thick texture of places which cannot be understood in the frame of a Newtonian or Carte- sian view of space.
From a more general standpoint, it is the whole govern- ment of society which must be rethought highlighting the marks impressed on it by the medieval sense of space. Its basic idea is to go beyond a naturalistic, objectivistic and universalistic idea of space and stress its culturally influenced and relativistic content.
In pre-modern societies, space is a multiple, fragmented and uneven entity, which influences and moulds political theories and practices. How deeply spatial coordinates affect our understanding of the connection between iurisdictio and territorium has been recently confirmed by an original and important research by Paolo Marchetti, whose attention to geographers is still an unusual strategy within legal historiography.
On the contrary, we must bear in mind that medieval studies have been working for a long time on the relationship between political institutions and terri- tory. It is however true that in the past, numerous and valuable historiographical out- comes ran the risk of missing their target because unsupported by an adequate general vision and methodological awareness.
On the contrary, a sharper understanding of spatial and temporal coordinates, promoted by the cooperation of different disciplinary strategies, can be the right frame of reference for a proper placement of historical data. It would be interesting, but demanding, to make an assessment of the references implicit or explicit to spatial issues in medieval and modern historiogra- phy. Salvemini The historical analysis of a major phenomenon such as the medieval city can benefit from a clear understanding of its peculiar spatial dimension.
According to medieval jurists, from Cynus to Bartolus, the city as universitas is the holder of the iurisdictio.
Indeed, only a great deal of accurate and targeted researches could afford the indis- pensable evidences. If anything, it is easier to find some intuitive confirma- tion of the hypothesis if we glance at the arrival point of the modernization process more than at its intermediate passages. It is a matter of fact that, first, a new sovereign power arises at different times, depending on the several geographical areas, but with shared lines of 47 Chittolini A Tentative Assessment 39 development everywhere : it is a power which aims to have efficient armies at its disposal, requires an increasing amount of money for this purpose and tries to obtain an extensive control over society.
Secondly, a new economic pattern takes shape: industrial capitalism.
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For the new State, all the elements of the territory all the points of the surface are perfectly equivalent. State and territory are closely connected, according to a legal doctrine that continuously underlines the following dogmas: every political organization must be defined as a State as an actual or as an solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica State ; and every portion of space must be considered as a homogeneous and divisible entity actually or potentially assigned to one State or another.
Ruschi Interestingly enough, this connection has been maintained for a long time. It is however true that a good crop of historical, geographical and anthropolog- ical researches invite us to question the received view of the impermeability of borders even at an advanced stage of modernity.
Borders can also be 52 Marchetti Van Houtum An interesting, inter-disciplinary approach in Pastore A Tentative Assessment 41 considered as devices which separate contiguous spaces and, at the same time, as places where goods, human beings, languages, doctrines, norms and institutions pass through.
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Borders are, at the same time, a spatial divi- sion and an intersection of an intense social dynamics. It would be therefore impor- tant for legal historiography to rethink the concept of reception in the light of recent literary theories starting from the contributions of Robert Jauss.
An essential aspect of legal culture and practice is the inexhaustible web of texts and interpretations, which is the core of a reception theory, while a methodological adventure in the realm of diffusion geography could seem to be adventurous and risky. Nevertheless, it is difficult to understand a text that moves from its original context and takes new roots in a different interpre- tative community without focusing on space and time.
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We could also expect interesting achievements from the synergy of methodologies which, despite their different background, share the same attention to the spatial and tem- poral dimension. The sovereign power and the nation-State do not exhaust the space of politics and society. Other powers and other spaces do exist. Not a geogra- pher, but a philosopher - Michel Foucault - has drawn our attention to them.
In this perspective, Foucault invites us to consider space in the plural: i. About the intercourse between Foucault and the geographers cf. A Tentative Assessment 43 cosms, at the same time strictly linked with the social macrocosm.
The panoptical prison is however, only one of the existing heterotopies. A long list of examples from the most disparate historical contexts could be mentioned. Let us think about spaces that separate and segregate social groups from the community to which they belong: the Jewish ghetto throughout the course of its history until its tragic conclusion is an emblematic, though not the only possible example. For every State, the space controlled by a different sovereign State is an exterior space.
The world however does not coincide, in the modern era, with a network of States. In the colonization solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica which is not an event solteros de novo hamburgo shopping loja informatica others, but the very horizon of modern historypower and space, geographic knowledge and political and legal theories are strictly connected: the enlargement of space for Europe the so-called geographical discoveries keeps pace with the subjugation of the new world; geography develops in tune with the needs of 58 Rosenwein Latini A huge research field opens up, where the link between power and space can be assumed as the guideline to reassess the colonization process.
In this perspective, the concept of territoriality can be helpful. Geogra- phers have devoted increasing attention to it, starting from the ss. In our perspective, it is interesting to go beyond the differences between these two approaches and endorse their convergence: 64 the proposal to assume territory not as a natural, merely physical object, but as the material and symbolic outcome of a social interaction imbued with the dialectics of power and resistance.
Colonization can be considered in the light of the principle of territor- iality. We are faced with a process which coincides with innumerable col- lective and individual acts of a symbolic and material appropriation of space. Este sitio web usa diferentes tipos de cookies para permitir, mejorar y supervisar el uso de nuestro sitio web. Movilidad inteligente para una experiencia relajada de compras. Estadios, pabellones deportivos y centros de exposiciones.
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